Throughout the long nineteenth century, views and practices vis-à-vis indigenous heteroreligious and heterodox groups were grounded in the predominance of ethnic descent (jus sanguinis) - a trend also evident in other nascent Balkan state entities. On a state level, the conceptualization of the primacy of the nation-state was expressed through the bounding of Greek citizenship with a particular, exclusive citizenry. On the level of the local milieu, it underscored the generic uneasiness of the dominant ethno-religious group to accept in its midst and coexist with the heteroreligious and heterodox "other". Presaging their status as "unwanted co-patriots", by the turn of the century both groups hovered on the very margins of the "national" community.